Injection attacks are cracking attacks in which special strings are embedded in user forms and submitted to malfunction the receiving user’s information processing. Sufficiently strong input validation and data type restrictions on input fields, input length limits, and modifications are to do it. Only allow users to enter appropriate data into fields. Limit the number of characters a user can use, and possibly restrict by character type, allowing only letters in names, numbers in phone numbers, and displaying country and state drop-downs.

It is a good thing for a module to have low coupling and high condensibility. The higher the degree of condensation, the easier it is to update and modify, and it does not affect other modules with which it interacts. This also means that modules are easier to reuse and maintain. Coupling degree is a measure of the amount of interaction a single module requires to perform its task. If a module’s coupling is low, it means that the module does not need to communicate with many other modules to perform its job. It is easier to understand and reuse than a module that depends on many other modules to perform its tasks. It will also be easier to modify modules without affecting the many modules around them. Therefore, the correct answer is “low-coupling, high-cohesion”.

〇：Converts bytecode to machine-level code.

Java is an object-oriented, platform-independent programming language. It is used as a full-fledged programming language to write programs called applets that run in the user’s browser. java is platform independent because it creates intermediate code that is not processor-specific bytecode. java virtual machine (JVM) converts bytecode into machine-level code that can be understood by processors on a particular system.

×：Converts source code to bytecode and blocks the sandbox.

Incorrect because the Java Virtual Machine converts bytecode to machine-level code. The Java compiler does not convert source code to bytecode. The JVM also creates a virtual machine in an environment called the sandbox. This virtual machine is the enclosed environment in which the applet executes its activities. The applet is typically sent via HTTP within the requested web page and is executed as soon as the applet arrives. If the applet developer fails to function properly, it may intentionally or accidentally perform a malicious act. Therefore, the sandbox strictly limits the applet’s access to system resources. The JVM mediates access to system resources to ensure that applet code runs and works within its own sandbox.

×：It runs only on specific processors within a specific operating system.

This is incorrect because Java is an object-oriented, platform-independent programming language. Other languages are compiled into object code for specific operating systems and processors. Thus, a particular application can run on Windows, but not on the Mac OS. Intel processors do not necessarily understand machine code compiled for Alpha processors. Java is platform independent because it creates intermediate code bytecode. It is not processor-specific code bytecode.

×：Develop an applet that runs in the user’s browser.

This is incorrect because the Java Virtual Machine does not create applets. Java is adopted as a full-fledged programming language and is used to write complete and short programs called applets that run in the user’s browser. Programmers create Java applets and run them through a compiler. The Java compiler converts the source code into byte code. The user then downloads the Java applet. The bytecode is converted to machine-level code by the JVM. Finally, the applet is executed when invoked.

〇：A process that is running concurrently. If not properly controlled, the integrity of the database can be adversely affected.

Databases are used simultaneously by many different applications and many users interact with them at once. Concurrency means that different processes (applications and users) are accessing the database at the same time. If this is not properly controlled, processes can overwrite each other’s data or cause deadlock situations. The worst consequence of concurrency problems is poor integrity of the data held in the database. Database integrity is provided by concurrency protection mechanisms; one concurrency control is locking, which prevents users from accessing or modifying data being used by other users.

×：Processes running at different levels. If not properly controlled, they can adversely affect the integrity of the database.

Concurrency is incorrect because it refers to processes running at the same time, not at different levels. Concurrency problems occur when the database can be accessed simultaneously by different users or applications. If controls are not in place, two users can access and modify the same data at the same time, which can be detrimental to a dynamic environment.

×：The process of inferring new information from a review of accessible data. Inference attacks may occur.

The ability to infer new information from reviewing accessible data occurs when subjects at lower security levels indirectly infer data at higher levels. This can lead to an inference attack, but is not related to concurrency.

×：Storing data in multiple locations in the database. If not properly controlled, it can negatively impact database integrity.

Storing data in multiple locations is incorrect because there is no concurrency issue. Concurrency becomes an issue when two subjects or applications are trying to modify the same data at the same time.

〇：Used in structured languages, it decreases development time but is somewhat resource intensive.

Third generation programming languages are easier to deal with than their predecessors. They reduce program development time and allow for simplified and quick debugging. However, these languages are more resource intensive when compared to second generation programming languages.

×：Intuitive manipulation of programming reduces effort, but the amount of manual coding for specific tasks tends to be greater than in previous generations.

The advantages and disadvantages of 4th generation programming are explained below. It is true that the use of heuristics in fourth generation programming languages has greatly reduced programming effort and errors in the code. However, there is something untrue about the fact that the amount of manual coding is more than required of 3rd generation languages.

×：The use of binaries for coding is very time consuming, but the potential for errors is reduced.

This is incorrect because it is a description of a machine language and implies the advantages and disadvantages of a first generation programming language.

×：It contributes to decreasing programming processing time, but knowledge of machine structures is essential.

Incorrect because it describes second generation programming languages. These languages require extensive knowledge of machine architecture and the programs written in them are only for specific hardware.

〇：Capability Maturity Model Integration

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a comprehensive set of integration guidelines for developing products and software. It addresses the various phases of the software development life cycle, including concept definition, requirements analysis, design, development, integration, installation, operation, maintenance, and what should happen at each stage. The model describes the procedures, principles, and practices underlying the maturation of the software development process. It was developed to help software vendors improve their development processes. It will improve software quality, shorten the development life cycle, create and meet milestones in a timely manner, and adopt a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach that is less effective.

×：Software Development Life Cycle

Incorrect because the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) describes how a system should be developed and maintained throughout its life cycle and does not involve process improvement.

×：ISO/IEC 27002

Incorrect because ISO/IEC 27002 is an international standard that outlines how the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) create and maintain an organizational information security management system (ISMS). ISO/IEC 27002 has a section dealing with the acquisition, development, and maintenance of information systems, but does not provide a process improvement model for software development.

×：Certification and Accreditation Process

This is incorrect because the certification and accreditation (C&A) process handles testing and evaluation of systems against predefined criteria. This has nothing to do with improving the software development process.

Freeware is free software and can be used for free. Shareware is fully functional proprietary software that is initially free to use. Often a trial to test the software requires a fee to continue using it after 30 days. Thus, the correct answer is, “Freeware is free in perpetuity, while shareware is free for a set period of time.” will be.

〇：Intercept anti-malware calls to the operating system for file system information.

This is a “no” question. Polymorphic viruses attempt to fool anti-malware scanners. In particular, they use methods to generate operational copies. Even if the anti-malware software detects and disables one or two copies, the other copies remain active in the system.

This problem must be solved by process of elimination. What definitions are polymorphic viruses? If you remember the word list “what is a polymorphic virus,” you may not understand what makes a polymorphic virus unique. The most striking feature of polymorphic viruses is that they repeatedly change entities.

×：Using noise, mutation engines, or random number generators to change the sequence of instructions.

Polymorphic-type viruses may change the sequence of instructions by including noise or false instructions along with other useful instructions. They can also use mutation engines and random number generators to alter the sequence of instructions in the hope that they will not be detected. The original functionality remains intact, but the code is altered, making it nearly impossible to identify all versions of the virus using a fixed signature.

×：Different encryption schemes that require different decryption routines can be used.

Polymorphic-type viruses can use different encryption schemes that require different decryption routines. This requires an anti-malware scan to identify all copies of this type of virus, one for each possible decryption method. Polymorphic virus creators hide the encrypted virus payload and add decryption methods to the code. Once encrypted, the code becomes meaningless, but that does not necessarily mean that the encrypted virus is a polymorphic virus and thus escapes detection.

×：Create multiple and various copies.

Polymorphic viruses generate multiple, varied copies in order to avoid detection by anti-malware software.

〇：To allow the database to execute transactions as a single unit without interruption.

Online transaction processing (OLTP) is used when databases are clustered to provide high fault tolerance and performance. It provides a mechanism to monitor and address problems as they occur. For example, if a process stops functioning, the monitoring function within OLTP will detect and attempt to restart the process. If the process cannot be restarted, the transaction that occurred is rolled back to ensure that no data has been corrupted or that only a portion of the transaction occurred; OLTP records when the transaction occurred (in real time). Usually multiple databases in a distributed environment are updated.

This classification by the extent to which transaction processing is appropriate is very complex. Therefore, database software must implement ACID characteristics. Among them is atomicity, which means that the transaction is either executed entirely or not executed at all. It is the property that a transaction must either be executed completely or not at all.

When a question like this is answered incorrectly, judging that you could not solve it because you did not know OLTP will hinder your future study methods. Although the question text is worded in a complicated way, it is more important to understand what atomicity is in ACID than to memorize the definition of OLTP to solve the actual question.

×：To be able to establish database consistency rules.

It enforces the consistency rules as stated in the database security policy, but does not imply transaction atomicity.

×：To prevent rollbacks from occurring.

Transaction atomicity does not refer to suppressing rollbacks.

×：To prevent concurrent processes from interacting with each other.

This falls under independence, isolation, and segregation. Independence, isolation, and quarantine (isolation) means that the processes are hidden from other operations during processing. It is the property that even if multiple transactions are executed simultaneously, they must not produce the same processing results as if they were executed alone.

〇：Conforms to the X.509 standard and assigns a namespace to each object accessed in the database by LDAP.

Most companies have directories that contain information about company network resources and users. Most directories use a hierarchical database format based on the X.500 standard (not X.509) and a type of protocol such as LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) that allows subjects and applications to interact with the directory The application can then use LDAP to access the directory. Applications can request information about a particular user by making an LDAP request to the directory, and users can request information about a particular resource using a similar request. The directory service assigns an Distinguished Name (DN) to each object in the database based on the X.500 standard to be accessed. Each distinguished name represents a set of attributes about a particular object and is stored as an entry in the directory.

×：Namespaces are used to manage objects in the directory.

This is incorrect because objects in a hierarchical database are managed by a directory service. Directory services allow administrators to configure and manage identification, authentication, permissions, and access control for the network. Objects in the directory are labeled and identified by namespace, which is how the directory service keeps objects organized.

×：Enforce security policies by performing access control and identity management functions.

This is incorrect because directory services enforce the security policy set by performing access control and identity management functions. For example, when a user logs into a domain controller in a Windows environment, the directory service (Active Directory) determines which network resources are accessible and which are not.

×：Administrators can configure and manage how identification takes place within the network.

Directory service is incorrect because it allows the administrator to configure and manage identification within the network. It also allows for the configuration and management of authentication, authorization, and access control.

Level 2 of the software functional maturity model is reproducible. It is a maturity level where some processes are reproducible and produce constant results. The process discipline is not rigorous, but it helps to maintain existing processes. Therefore, the correct answer is Level 2.

At Level 1, the process is usually undocumented and dynamic. It tends to be driven by users and events in an ad hoc, uncontrolled, reactive manner. As a result, the process is chaotic and unstable.

At Level 2, at maturity, some processes are repeatable and will produce consistent results. Process discipline will not be rigid, but where it exists it will help ensure that existing processes are maintained.

At Level 3, a documented set of standard processes has been established and has improved somewhat over time.

At Level 4, the process is being evaluated to ensure that it is achieving its goals. Process users experience the process under multiple and varied conditions to demonstrate competence.

Level 5 focuses on continuous improvement of process performance through incremental and innovative technical changes/improvements.

〇：DOM-based

Mary exploits a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability called Document Object Model (DOM) Local Cross-Site Scripting.The DOM is a standard structural layout for representing HTML and XML documents in a browser. In such attacks, components of the document such as form fields and cookies can be referenced via JavaScript. The attacker uses the DOM environment to modify the client-side JavaScript. The result is to cause the victim’s browser to execute malicious JavaScript code. The most effective way to prevent these attacks is to disable scripting support in the browser.

×：Secondary

Secondary, or persistent XSS vulnerabilities are incorrect because they target websites that populate databases or data stored elsewhere, such as forums or message boards.

×：Persistent

Persistent XSS vulnerability is incorrect because it is simply another name for a secondary vulnerability.

×：Non-Persistent

A non-persistent XSS vulnerability, called a reflection vulnerability, is incorrect because it uses a malicious script to open a programmed URL in order to steal sensitive information from someone who holds cookies, etc. The principle behind this attack lies in the lack of proper input or output validation on dynamic websites.

Cross-site tracing is an attack to obtain authentication information by embedding TRACE method HTTP communication in a web page. Suppose the TRACE method is embedded in the login screen by XSS. After the password to log in is sent, it is returned by TRACE and comes back. The password that has just been sent is returned to the browser, leading to a compromise.

〇：Entity integrity

Entity integrity ensures that a tuple is uniquely identified by its primary key value. A tuple is a row in a two-dimensional database. The primary key is the corresponding column value that makes each row unique. For entity integrity, every tuple must contain one primary key. If a tuple does not have a primary key, the tuple will not be referenced by the database.

×：Concurrent Maintainability

Concurrent integrity is not a formal term in database software and is therefore incorrect. There are three main types of integrity services: semantic, reference, and entity. Concurrency is software that is accessed by multiple users or applications simultaneously. Without controls in place, two users can access and modify the same data at the same time.

×：Referential Integrity

Referential integrity is incorrect because it references all foreign keys that refer to an existing primary key. There must be a mechanism to ensure that foreign keys do not contain references to non-existent records or null-valued primary keys. This type of integrity control allows relationships between different tables to work properly and communicate properly with each other.

×：Semantic Integrity

The semantic integrity mechanism is incorrect because it ensures that the structural and semantic rules of the database are in place. These rules concern data types, boolean values, uniqueness constraints, and operations that may adversely affect the structure of the database.

〇：Unit Testing

Unit testing involves testing individual components in a controlled environment to verify data structures, logic, and boundary conditions. After the programmer develops a component, it is tested with several different input values and in a variety of situations. Unit testing can begin early in the development process and usually continues throughout the development phase. One of the benefits of unit testing is that it identifies problems early in the development cycle. It is easier and less expensive to make changes to individual units.

×：Acceptance Testing

This is incorrect because acceptance testing is done to verify that the code meets the customer’s requirements. This test is applied to some or all of the application, but usually not individual components.

×：Regression Testing

Regression testing is incorrect because it implies retesting a system after changes have been made to ensure its functionality, performance, and protection. Essentially, regression testing is done to identify bugs where functionality no longer works as intended as a result of a program change. It is not uncommon for developers to fix one problem, accidentally create a new problem, or fix a new problem and solve an old one. Regression testing involves checking for previously fixed bugs to ensure that they have not reappeared and re-running previous tests.

×：Integration Testing

Integration testing is incorrect because it verifies that components work together as outlined in the design specification. After unit testing, individual components or units are tested in combination to verify that they meet functional, performance, and reliability requirements.

〇：Virtual Container for Data from Multiple Sources
Network directories are containers for users and network resources. Because one directory does not contain all the users and resources in an enterprise, a collection of directories must be used. A virtual directory collects the necessary information used from sources scattered throughout the network and stores it in a central virtual directory (virtual container). This provides a unified view of digital identity information for all users across the enterprise. The virtual directory is regularly synchronized with all identity stores (individual network directories) to ensure that up-to-date information is being used by all applications and identity management components in the enterprise.

×：Metadirectory

Virtual directories are similar to metadirectories, but incorrect because metadirectories work with one directory and virtual directories work with multiple data sources. When the Identity Management component calls the virtual directory, it can scan different directories across the enterprise, but the metadirectory only has the ability to scan one directory it is associated with.

×：User attribute information stored in the HR database

Incorrect because it describes an identity store. Much of the information stored in identity management directories is scattered throughout the enterprise. User attribute information (employee status, job description, department, etc.) is typically stored in the HR database. Authentication information can be stored in a Kerberos server, and resource-oriented authentication information can be stored in the domain controller’s Active Directory. These are commonly referred to as identity stores and are located elsewhere on the network. Many identity management products use virtual directories to call up the data in these identity stores.

×：Services that allow administrators to configure and manage the way identities are

This is incorrect because it describes a directory service. Directory services allow administrators to configure and manage how identification, authentication, permissions, and access control are performed within a network. It uses namespaces to manage objects in the directory and enforces security policies configured by performing access control and identity management functions.

〇：Only during code development.

Maintenance hoc refers to functions and tools that are temporarily used by the developer for testing purposes. In fact, in system development, tools are provided to assist in confirming that individual functions are working properly. However, if maintenance hocks are left in the production environment, they may be used by attackers and must be removed.

×：Maintenance hooks should not be used.

The use of maintenance hooks can make the work more efficient.

×：When you want to make the software available to administrators in a simplified manner.

In some cases, attackers can exploit tools that were supposed to be available only to administrators.

×：When you want users to be able to use the software in a simplified manner.

After the actual release of the software, maintenance hooks are not made available to users.

〇：Disk Redundancy

Information that is required to be available at all times must be mirrored or duplexed. In both mirroring (also called RAID 1) and duplexing, all data write operations are performed simultaneously or nearly simultaneously at multiple physical locations.

×：Direct Access Storage

Direct access storage is incorrect because it is a general term for magnetic disk storage devices traditionally used in mainframe and minicomputer (midrange computer) environments. RAID is a type of direct access storage device (DASD).

×：Striping

Incorrect because the technique of striping is used when data is written to all drives. This activity splits the data and writes it to multiple drives. Write performance is not affected, but read performance is greatly improved because multiple heads are getting data at the same time. Parity information is used to reconstruct lost or corrupted data. Striping simply means data; parity information may be written to multiple disks.

×：Parallel Processing

Parallel processing is incorrect because a computer has multiple processing units built into it to execute multiple streams of instructions simultaneously. While mirroring may be used to implement this type of processing, it is not a requirement.

〇：Buffer overflow

A buffer is an area reserved by an application to store something in it, like some user input. After the application receives input, the instruction pointer is put into the buffer. A buffer overflow occurs when the application accidentally allows the input to overwrite the instruction pointer in the code and write it to the buffer area. Once the instruction pointer is overwritten, it can be executed under the application’s security context.

×：Traffic Analysis

Traffic Analysis is incorrect because it is a method of revealing information by looking at traffic patterns on the network.

×：Race Condition

Incorrect because it does not indicate a race condition attack; if two different processes need to perform their tasks on a resource, they need to follow the correct order.

×：Covert Storage

Incorrect because in a covert storage channel, processes are capable of communicating through some type of storage space on the system.

〇：XACML

XACML allows two or more companies to have a trust model set up to share identity, authentication, and authorization methods. This means that when you authenticate against your own software, you can pass the authentication parameters to your partner. This allows them to interact with their partner’s software without having to authenticate more than once. This is done via XACML (Extensible Access Control Markup Language), which allows multiple organizations to share application security policies based on a trust model XACML is a markup language and processing model implemented in XML XACML is a markup language and processing model implemented in XML. It declares access control policies and describes how to interpret access control policies.

×：XML (Extensible Markup Language)

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is incorrect because it is a way to electronically code documents and represent data structures such as web services. XML is not used to share security information. XML is an open standard that is more robust than traditional HTML. In addition to serving as a markup language, XML also serves as the foundation for other industry-specific XML standards. With XML, companies can communicate with each other while using a markup language that meets their specific needs.

×：SPML

Service Provisioning Markup Language (SPML) is incorrect because it is used by companies to exchange user, resource, and service provisioning information rather than application security information. SPML is an XML-based framework developed by OASIS that allows enterprise platforms, such as web portals and application servers, to provision requests to multiple companies for the purpose of securely and quickly setting up web services and applications. It is intended to enable the generation of.

×：GML

Incorrect because GML (Generalized Markup Language) is a method created by IBM for document formatting. It describes a document in terms of parts (chapters, paragraphs, lists, etc.) and their relationships (heading levels). GML was the predecessor of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) and HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).